.... 《陳述型論文摘要舉例》
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一、概述
文章摘要是對所寫文章主要內容的精煉概括。美國人稱摘要為“Abstract”,而英國人則喜歡稱其為“Summary”。
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通常國際刊物要求所要刊登的文章字數，包括摘要部分不超過1万字。而對文章摘要部分的字數要求則更少。因此，寫摘要時，應用最為簡練的語言來表達論文之精華。論文摘要的重點應放在所研究的成果和結論上。
國際會議要求的論文摘要的字數不等，一般為200字-500字。而國際刊物要求所刊登的論文摘要的字數通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，內容上涵蓋全文，并直接點明全旨。語言上要求盡量簡煉。摘要通常多采用第三人稱撰寫。
科學書籍、論文和學術報告一般都附有內容摘要，這樣可以節省讀者的時間，使他們不必讀完整個文章就能夠了解它的主要內容。書籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；論文和學術報告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要應做到簡明扼要，切題，能獨立成文，使讀者能准确地了解書籍的要義。寫摘要時，最好用第三人稱的完整的陳述句，文長一般不超過200個詞。
摘要分陳述性的（Descriptive）和資料性的（Informational）兩類。陳述性摘要只陳述書籍或文章的主題，不介紹內容。資料性的摘要除了介紹主題外，還應介紹文章的要點和各個要點的主要內容。
它可以包括三個組成部分設為首頁
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①點明主題，解析文章或書籍的目的或意圖；
②介紹主要內容，使讀者迅速了解文章或書籍的概貌；
③提出結論或建議，以供讀者參考。
二、常見句型（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
常見的摘要句型有：設為首頁
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1）This paper deals with...
2）This article focuses on the topics
of (that,having,etc)...
3）This eassy presents knowledge that...
4）This thesis discusses...
5）This thesis analyzes...
6）This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8）This article gives an overview of...
9）This article compares...and summarizes
key findings.
10）This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents up安to安date information
on...（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
12)This article covers the role of chemicals
in...
13)This paper addresses important topics
including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings
of ...
17)This article not only describes...but
also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable
procedure to analyze...
21)This paper offers the latest information
regarding...
22)This paper is devoted to examining
the role of...
23)This article explores...
24)This paper expresses views on...
25)This paper reflects the state of the
art in...
26)This paper explains the procedures
for...
27)This paper develops the theory of
...
28)This article reviews the techniques
used in...
29)This paper investigates the techniques
and procedures to...
30)This article is about...
31)This eassy is related to ...
32)This paper concerns...
33)This paper gives an account of ...
34)This article tells of...
35)This paper tries to describe...
36)This paper provides an analysis of
...
37)This paper reports the latest information
on ...
38)The author of this article reviews...
39)The writer of this paper discusses...
40)The writer of this eassy tries to
explore...
41)The aim of this paper is to determine...
42)The purpose of this article is to
review...
43)The objective of this paper is to
explore...
破題用語，一般有：
①The author of this article reviews
(or: （轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
②This article reviews (or:reports,tells
of,is
about,concerns)something…….
③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….
④The purpose of this article is to determine
something…….
⑤The problem of something is discussed
…….
結論和建議，一般有以下几种寫法：
①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….
②This article shows that…….
③It is suggested that…….
④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion
)is that ……
⑤The author finds it necessary to …….
2）信息型論文摘要。信息型論文摘要（Informational
Abstract）与陳述型論文摘要相比，略有不同。它除了介紹論文的主題外，還應介紹論文的主要觀點以及各觀點部分的核心內容。這
种形式實際中相對少見。顯然，這种形式的摘要較陳述型摘要長得多。例如：
例1
Probable Development of Agricultural
Mechanization
Probable Development of Agricultural
Mechanization
ABSTRACT
This article reviews the past achievements
in agricultural
mechanization and aims to predict the developments
in the immediate
future.It is widely acknowledged that to
cope with greater crop
output,it is necessary to make use of more
powerful equipment that
is capable of more extensive work within
the limited time.
The main problems are discussed under
the following headings.
1)General Trend of Machanization
2)Mechanization of Crop Farming
3)Mechanization of Animal Husbandry
The article concludes that further progress
of agricultural
mechanization depends on,to a great extent,the
development of
mechanical industry,which should be spurred
and encouraged.
例2
Cultural Factors in Translation and Their
Transfer
Cultural Factors in Translation and Their
Transfer
ABSTRACT
This thesis attempts to apply general
knowledge of
linguistics,anthropology and translation
to the research of cultural
factors in translation and their transfer.
The thesis concludes a brief introduction
and four chapters.The
introduction presents the specific topic
and raises several related
issues.Chapter One is devoted to the relationship
between
language,culture and translation.Chapter
Two focus on the
categorization of cultural factors in translation.Chapter
Three
talks about three topics:translatability,major
translation methods
of cultural factors,and the transfer of some
important cultural
subcategories.The last chapter,gives an analysis
of some
inappropriate translations and draws a general
conclusion for the
whole thesis.
例3（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
ABSTRACT
Internationalization and liberalization
of business activities
have become two of the most significant phenomena
for the successful
operations of contemporary enterprises.At
present,the prevalence of
national protectionism and the establishment
of regional economic
communites,have further enhanced many firms
to take part in overseas
investments in order that the tariff and
non-tarriff barriers of the
products could be reduced or eliminated.
Yet ,companies operate in different countries
with different
political,legal,economic,and social cultural
surroundings might have
different management styles and strategic
operating
patterns.Traditionally,the Japanese and the
US management patterns
are two of the most important reference models
for the operations of
domestic enterprises.Thus, to promote the
success of business
internationalization activities,it would
be very helpful for the
domestic firms in Taiwan to evaluate the
similarites and differences
of the characteristics of business operations
for the US and the
Japanese firms especially on management styles,organizational
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structures,and business performances.
Through a series of personal interview
and mail survey,this study
concluded the following findings:
(1)Firms with different investment
origins(i.e.,Taiwanese,American,and Japanese
firms)tended to operate
differently on constructs of cooperate objectives,organizational
structures,competitive strategies, and management
performances.
(2)For cooperate objectives,Japanese
firms tended to emphasize
organizational development objectives through
educating and
activating human resources,while American
firms favor financial
objective such as improving cash flow and
profitability.For
organizational structures,American firms
achieved higher levels of
delegation authority and operation formalization
than those of
Japanese and Taiwanees firms.For competitive
strategies,American
firms tended to emphasize product differentiation
and cost
leadership strategies while Japanese firms
favor process innovation
and product differentiation strategies.
(3)Firms selecting process innovation
and product development
strategies tended to emphasize both organizational
development and
sales growth objectives .These firms tended
to be very sensitive on
the potentials of industry development.In
addition,firms adopting
cost leadership strategies tended to emphasize
sales growth
objectives.In a word,these firms seemed to
exercise higher levels of
formalization and standardization of business
activities.
三、分類舉例
1）陳述型論文摘要。陳述型論文摘要（Descriptive
Abstract）一般只說明論文的主題是什么，多半不介紹內容。
例1（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
ABSTRACT
This article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model
to include the
possibility that manager may exploit cooperate
wealth through
transactions with affiliated companies and/or
individuals.The
results of our model show that the amounts
of wealth exploitation
are affected by several factors.They are
inorderly managerial
stockholding,the severity of penalty,the
manager's risk
attitude,firm's expected future cash flows,and
the variance of
future cash flows.What's more, the relation
between managerial
holding and the amount of wealth exploitation
is not seperate.Wealth
exploitation rises with management share
holdings before the break
point.When managerial holding exceeds the
break point,any further
increase in the management holdings will
decrease the amount of
wealth exploitation.
例2
ABSTRACT
The effect of price limit on the stock
return,volatility and the
structural change is analyzed through a generalized
autoregressive
conditional heterscedasticity(GARCH)model.The
interaction between
stock returns and its volatility is permitted
in each price limit
regime.While the stock return does not go
up when the price limit
goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility,on
the other hand,is
substantially different across three regimes.
The higher the price
limit,the larger is the volatility.In end
the GARCH model does not
suffer from the structural change when price
limits change.
例3（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
ABSTRACT
This issue presents a complete survey
on the
integrin,immunoglobulin,and selection families
cellular expression
patterns on endothelial, resident cells and
graft infiltrating cells
in human stomach, heart ,and lung transplants.It
describes the
patterns of cellular expression and inducibility
in different
pathological conditions of the graft.It also
discusses the
implications for the organ specific appearance
of inflammatory
reactions in human stomach,heart and lung
transplants as for
immunosuppressive and therapeutic interventions.
例4設為首頁
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ABSTRACT
We classfied firm's finacing decisions
into four
categories:internal financing banking,bank
loans,convertible bonds
and preferred stocks,and new common shares.
This paper uses pooled cross-section
and time series data.When the
adjusted data is used,we find that B/M has
explanatory power to
stock returns for the new-issue category;C/F
for the internal
financing category.
The size variable is also significant
in all
categories.However,the sign is not consistent.The
convertible
category has reverse size effect and others
have size effects.As for
the E/P variable,we don't find any additional
explanatory power to
stock returns for any category.The use of
different definition of
size hardly changes our results.
例5
Contact Problems in the Classical Theory
of Elasticity
CONTACT PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSICAL THEORY
OF ELASTICITY
by G.M.Gladwell
This article gives an account of contact
problems in the classical
theory of elasticity.It begins from fundamental
principles and aims
to offer information on recent developments
on this subject that the
reader can take advantage to widen his horizon
of contact problems.
例6（轉載請標明全文來自論文快車网站http://www.lun-wen.com/big5.htm）
Use of Engineering Metals
Use of Engineering Metals
ABSTRACT
This article shows us the importance
of metals in our daily
life,especially in machine building and engineering
construction.Metals that are used in industry
are called engineering
metals,of which the most widely-used is iron.
Therefore,production
of iron is very critical to the development
of a nation.
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Pure and Applied Science
Pure and Applied Science
ABSTRACT
In this article ,the author holds that
pure science is
fundermentally concerned with the development
of theories
establishing relationships between the phenomena
of the universe. On
the other hand applied science,is directly
connected with the
application of the working laws of pure science
to the practical
affairs in the life,and to man's increasing
control over the
environment,thus leading to the development
of new
techniques,processes and machines.It is evident
that many branches
of applied science are practical extensions
of purely theoretical or
experimental work.It shows to us that these
two branches of science
are mutually dependent and interacting.
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