.... 《陈述型论文摘要举例》
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一、概述
文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
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通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分设为首页
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①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；
②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；
③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
二、常见句型（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
常见的摘要句型有：设为首页
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1）This paper deals with...
2）This article focuses on the topics
of (that,having,etc)...
3）This eassy presents knowledge that...
4）This thesis discusses...
5）This thesis analyzes...
6）This paper provides an overview of...
7)This paper elaborates on ...
8）This article gives an overview of...
9）This article compares...and summarizes
key findings.
10）This paper includes discussions concerning...
11)This paper presents uptodate information
on...（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
12)This article covers the role of chemicals
in...
13)This paper addresses important topics
including...
14)This paper touches upon...
15)This paper strongly emphasizes...
16)This eassy represents the preceedings
of ...
17)This article not only describes...but
also suggests...
18)This paper considers...
19)This paper provides a method of ...
20)This paper introduces an applicable
procedure to analyze...
21)This paper offers the latest information
regarding...
22)This paper is devoted to examining
the role of...
23)This article explores...
24)This paper expresses views on...
25)This paper reflects the state of the
art in...
26)This paper explains the procedures
for...
27)This paper develops the theory of
...
28)This article reviews the techniques
used in...
29)This paper investigates the techniques
and procedures to...
30)This article is about...
31)This eassy is related to ...
32)This paper concerns...
33)This paper gives an account of ...
34)This article tells of...
35)This paper tries to describe...
36)This paper provides an analysis of
...
37)This paper reports the latest information
on ...
38)The author of this article reviews...
39)The writer of this paper discusses...
40)The writer of this eassy tries to
explore...
41)The aim of this paper is to determine...
42)The purpose of this article is to
review...
43)The objective of this paper is to
explore...
破题用语，一般有：
①The author of this article reviews
(or: （转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
discusses,describes,summarizes,examines)something……
②This article reviews (or:reports,tells
of,is
about,concerns)something…….
③This article has been prepared (or:designed,written)…….
④The purpose of this article is to determine
something…….
⑤The problem of something is discussed
…….
结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：
①The author suggests (recommends,concludes)that…….
②This article shows that…….
③It is suggested that…….
④The author's suggestion (or:conclusion
)is that ……
⑤The author finds it necessary to …….
2）信息型论文摘要。信息型论文摘要（Informational
Abstract）与陈述型论文摘要相比，略有不同。它除了介绍论文的主题外，还应介绍论文的主要观点以及各观点部分的核心内容。这
种形式实际中相对少见。显然，这种形式的摘要较陈述型摘要长得多。例如：
例1
Probable Development of Agricultural
Mechanization
Probable Development of Agricultural
Mechanization
ABSTRACT
This article reviews the past achievements
in agricultural
mechanization and aims to predict the developments
in the immediate
future.It is widely acknowledged that to
cope with greater crop
output,it is necessary to make use of more
powerful equipment that
is capable of more extensive work within
the limited time.
The main problems are discussed under
the following headings.
1)General Trend of Machanization
2)Mechanization of Crop Farming
3)Mechanization of Animal Husbandry
The article concludes that further progress
of agricultural
mechanization depends on,to a great extent,the
development of
mechanical industry,which should be spurred
and encouraged.
例2
Cultural Factors in Translation and Their
Transfer
Cultural Factors in Translation and Their
Transfer
ABSTRACT
This thesis attempts to apply general
knowledge of
linguistics,anthropology and translation
to the research of cultural
factors in translation and their transfer.
The thesis concludes a brief introduction
and four chapters.The
introduction presents the specific topic
and raises several related
issues.Chapter One is devoted to the relationship
between
language,culture and translation.Chapter
Two focus on the
categorization of cultural factors in translation.Chapter
Three
talks about three topics:translatability,major
translation methods
of cultural factors,and the transfer of some
important cultural
subcategories.The last chapter,gives an analysis
of some
inappropriate translations and draws a general
conclusion for the
whole thesis.
例3（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
ABSTRACT
Internationalization and liberalization
of business activities
have become two of the most significant phenomena
for the successful
operations of contemporary enterprises.At
present,the prevalence of
national protectionism and the establishment
of regional economic
communites,have further enhanced many firms
to take part in overseas
investments in order that the tariff and
non-tarriff barriers of the
products could be reduced or eliminated.
Yet ,companies operate in different countries
with different
political,legal,economic,and social cultural
surroundings might have
different management styles and strategic
operating
patterns.Traditionally,the Japanese and the
US management patterns
are two of the most important reference models
for the operations of
domestic enterprises.Thus, to promote the
success of business
internationalization activities,it would
be very helpful for the
domestic firms in Taiwan to evaluate the
similarites and differences
of the characteristics of business operations
for the US and the
Japanese firms especially on management styles,organizational
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structures,and business performances.
Through a series of personal interview
and mail survey,this study
concluded the following findings:
(1)Firms with different investment
origins(i.e.,Taiwanese,American,and Japanese
firms)tended to operate
differently on constructs of cooperate objectives,organizational
structures,competitive strategies, and management
performances.
(2)For cooperate objectives,Japanese
firms tended to emphasize
organizational development objectives through
educating and
activating human resources,while American
firms favor financial
objective such as improving cash flow and
profitability.For
organizational structures,American firms
achieved higher levels of
delegation authority and operation formalization
than those of
Japanese and Taiwanees firms.For competitive
strategies,American
firms tended to emphasize product differentiation
and cost
leadership strategies while Japanese firms
favor process innovation
and product differentiation strategies.
(3)Firms selecting process innovation
and product development
strategies tended to emphasize both organizational
development and
sales growth objectives .These firms tended
to be very sensitive on
the potentials of industry development.In
addition,firms adopting
cost leadership strategies tended to emphasize
sales growth
objectives.In a word,these firms seemed to
exercise higher levels of
formalization and standardization of business
activities.
三、分类举例
1）陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要（Descriptive
Abstract）一般只说明论文的主题是什么，多半不介绍内容。
例1（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
ABSTRACT
This article extends Lehand and Pyle(1997)model
to include the
possibility that manager may exploit cooperate
wealth through
transactions with affiliated companies and/or
individuals.The
results of our model show that the amounts
of wealth exploitation
are affected by several factors.They are
inorderly managerial
stockholding,the severity of penalty,the
manager's risk
attitude,firm's expected future cash flows,and
the variance of
future cash flows.What's more, the relation
between managerial
holding and the amount of wealth exploitation
is not seperate.Wealth
exploitation rises with management share
holdings before the break
point.When managerial holding exceeds the
break point,any further
increase in the management holdings will
decrease the amount of
wealth exploitation.
例2
ABSTRACT
The effect of price limit on the stock
return,volatility and the
structural change is analyzed through a generalized
autoregressive
conditional heterscedasticity(GARCH)model.The
interaction between
stock returns and its volatility is permitted
in each price limit
regime.While the stock return does not go
up when the price limit
goes down from 5%to 7%.The stock volatility,on
the other hand,is
substantially different across three regimes.
The higher the price
limit,the larger is the volatility.In end
the GARCH model does not
suffer from the structural change when price
limits change.
例3（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
ABSTRACT
This issue presents a complete survey
on the
integrin,immunoglobulin,and selection families
cellular expression
patterns on endothelial, resident cells and
graft infiltrating cells
in human stomach, heart ,and lung transplants.It
describes the
patterns of cellular expression and inducibility
in different
pathological conditions of the graft.It also
discusses the
implications for the organ specific appearance
of inflammatory
reactions in human stomach,heart and lung
transplants as for
immunosuppressive and therapeutic interventions.
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ABSTRACT
We classfied firm's finacing decisions
into four
categories:internal financing banking,bank
loans,convertible bonds
and preferred stocks,and new common shares.
This paper uses pooled cross-section
and time series data.When the
adjusted data is used,we find that B/M has
explanatory power to
stock returns for the new-issue category;C/F
for the internal
financing category.
The size variable is also significant
in all
categories.However,the sign is not consistent.The
convertible
category has reverse size effect and others
have size effects.As for
the E/P variable,we don't find any additional
explanatory power to
stock returns for any category.The use of
different definition of
size hardly changes our results.
例5
Contact Problems in the Classical Theory
of Elasticity
CONTACT PROBLEMS IN THE CLASSICAL THEORY
OF ELASTICITY
by G.M.Gladwell
This article gives an account of contact
problems in the classical
theory of elasticity.It begins from fundamental
principles and aims
to offer information on recent developments
on this subject that the
reader can take advantage to widen his horizon
of contact problems.
例6（转载请标明全文来自论文快车网站http://www.lun-wen.com）
Use of Engineering Metals
Use of Engineering Metals
ABSTRACT
This article shows us the importance
of metals in our daily
life,especially in machine building and engineering
construction.Metals that are used in industry
are called engineering
metals,of which the most widely-used is iron.
Therefore,production
of iron is very critical to the development
of a nation.
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Pure and Applied Science
Pure and Applied Science
ABSTRACT
In this article ,the author holds that
pure science is
fundermentally concerned with the development
of theories
establishing relationships between the phenomena
of the universe. On
the other hand applied science,is directly
connected with the
application of the working laws of pure science
to the practical
affairs in the life,and to man's increasing
control over the
environment,thus leading to the development
of new
techniques,processes and machines.It is evident
that many branches
of applied science are practical extensions
of purely theoretical or
experimental work.It shows to us that these
two branches of science
are mutually dependent and interacting.
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